On May 12, 2025, Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer introduced a comprehensive Immigration White Paper aimed at significantly reducing net migration and strengthening the UK’s borders. The reforms are designed to prioritise high-skilled migrants, reduce dependence on overseas labour, and enhance border security measures.[1]
What are the key changes in the UK’s immigration policy?
The White Paper, titled Restoring Control over the Immigration System, outlines several pivotal reforms aimed at reshaping the UK’s approach to migration. The minimum skill level required for work visas will be raised to Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF) Level 6 (graduate level), and salary thresholds will also increase. Additionally, the Immigration Salary List, which previously allowed discounted salary requirements for certain occupations, will be abolished. New overseas applications for social care visas will be discontinued, although a transitional period will allow existing workers to extend or switch their visas domestically until 2028. The post-study work visa period for international students will be shortened to 18 months, and institutions that fail to meet sponsorship criteria may be restricted from recruiting overseas students. The route to permanent residency and citizenship will be extended from five to ten years, with greater emphasis placed on migrants’ contributions to the economy and society. Finally, more stringent English language requirements will be introduced across all immigration pathways, including for adult dependents, in a bid to encourage integration and reduce the risk of exploitation.[2]
How will these reforms impact the UK economy and society?
The Government asserts that these measures will reduce net migration by approximately 98,000 annually, primarily through restrictions on work and student visas. The reforms aim to encourage domestic workforce development by requiring employers to invest in local training and apprenticeships.[3]
However, critics express concerns about potential labour shortages in sectors like social care and higher education. Universities and business leaders warn that limiting international student recruitment and skilled worker access could harm economic competitiveness.[4]
What measures are being taken to address illegal migration?
To combat illegal migration, the UK Government has introduced a series of targeted initiatives aimed at disrupting smuggling networks and strengthening border controls. A key measure is the establishment of the Border Security Command in July 2024, which brings together Immigration Enforcement, MI5, Border Force, and the National Crime Agency to coordinate efforts against people smuggling gangs. In addition, the Government has implemented a world-first sanctions regime that targets individuals and organisations involved in smuggling, with the aim of dismantling their financial operations. International cooperation has also been prioritised, with agreements signed with countries such as Iraq to improve border security and address smuggling at its source. These efforts have contributed to a reported 24 per cent increase in enforced removals compared to the previous year, with 16,400 individuals removed from the UK, including 2,580 foreign criminals.[5]
What has been the political and public reaction?
The Government’s proposed immigration reforms have sparked a range of responses across the political spectrum and wider society. Some Labour MPs have criticised the language used in the white paper, likening it to far-right rhetoric and expressing concern that it could incite hatred and division. Leaders in the social care and higher education sectors have also raised alarms, warning that the new restrictions could worsen existing staffing shortages and harm the UK’s international reputation as a destination for education and skilled work. Public opinion remains divided, with some supporting the measures as necessary steps to regain control over immigration, while others question their overall effectiveness and worry about potential unintended consequences.[6]
What are the next steps for the UK Government?
The Government plans to introduce further legislation to support these reforms, including a Borders Bill aimed at enhancing enforcement capabilities. Additionally, a £84 million funding package will be rolled out over the next three years to address the root causes of illegal migration in regions like Africa and the Middle East.[7]
As the UK navigates these significant changes, the balance between controlling immigration and maintaining economic vitality remains a central challenge.
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[1] Home Office, Immigration white paper to reduce migration and strengthen border, 12 May 2025, Link
[2] Financial Times, UK Immigration Plan: The Key Points, 12 May 2025, Link
[3] The Sun, ‘TAKE BACK CONTROL’ Keir’s migration rules in full from crackdown on deportation dodgers to tough English tests – but will they REALLY work?, 12 May 2025, Link
[4] The Guardian, Labour MP says Starmer’s ‘island of strangers’ warning over immigration mimics scaremongering of far right – UK politics live, 12 May 2025, Link
[5] Home Office, Immigration white paper to reduce migration and strengthen border, 12 May 2025, Link
[6] The Guardian, Labour MP says Starmer’s ‘island of strangers’ warning over immigration mimics scaremongering of far right – UK politics live, 12 May 2025, Link
[7] Home Office, Immigration white paper to reduce migration and strengthen border, 12 May 2025, Link
